直肠癌XRCC1和XRCC4表达与术前放化疗敏感性研究
[摘要] 目的 探讨直肠癌组织中XRCC1和XRCC4的表达与术前放化疗敏感性的相关性。 方法 采用免疫组化方法检测55例行术前放化疗直肠癌组织中XRCC1和XRCC4的表达,通过T分期降期来评估XRCC1和XRCC4的表达与术前放化疗疗效的关系。 结果 XRCC1高表达组6例出现T分期降期,低表达组26例出现T分期降期。XRCC4高表达组5例出现T分期降期,低表达组27例出现T分期降期。XRCC1和XRCC4表达与T分期降期差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Spearman相关性分析显示XRCC1和XRCC4表达与术前放化疗疗效呈负相关(分别为r=-0.432,P=0.002;r=-0.350,P=0.009)。 结论 直肠癌组织中XRCC1和XRCC4表达与术前放化疗疗效相关,可作为判断对放化疗敏感性的参考指标。
[关键词] 直肠癌;术前放化疗;X射线修复交叉互补基因
[中图分类号] R735.3+7 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2019)05-0072-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the relationship between the expression of XRCC1 and XRCC4 in rectal cancer and the sensitivity of preoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Methods Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of XRCC1 and XRCC4 in 55 cases of rectal cancer tissues undergoing preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The relationship between the expression of XRCC1 and XRCC4 and the efficacy of preoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy was evaluated by T stage down-staging. Results There were 6 patients in XRCC1 high expression group showing T stage down-staging. In the low expression group, there were 26 patients showing T stage down-staging. In the XRCC4 high expression group, there were 5 patients showing T stage down-staging. In the low expression group, there were 27 patients showing T stage down-staging. There was a statistically significant difference between XRCC1 and XRCC4 expression and T stage down-staging (P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that XRCC1 and XRCC4 expression were negatively correlated with preoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy (r=-0.432, P=0.002; r=-0.350, P=0.009, respectively). Conclusion The expression of XRCC1 and XRCC4 in rectal cancer is related to the efficacy of preoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and can be used as a reference indicator for judging the sensitivity to radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
[Key words] Rectal cancer; Preoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy; X-ray repair cross complementing gene
直肠癌是世界上最常见的癌症之一[1]。对于局部晚期直肠癌患者来说,术前同步放化疗加根治性手术被认为是目前治疗金标准方案[2]。局部进展期直肠癌患者术前放化疗的病理完全反应率和病理部分反应率分别为25%和60%[3]。然而,对术前放化疗不敏感的患者,术前放化疗可能导致疾病进展,增加手术切除难度,或降低局部控制率、無病生存率和总生存率[4]。本实验通过分析直肠癌组织中X射线修复交叉互补基因(X-ray repair crosscomplementing gene,XRCC)表达情况与术前放化疗敏感性的关系,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2015年1月~2016年12月在温州医科大学附属第一医院放化疗科接受术前放化疗的直肠癌患者55例,术前放化疗后接受根治性手术治疗。入选标准:(1)放化疗前根据MRI影像检查判定肿瘤分期为Ⅱ期或Ⅲ期;(2)肠镜病理证实为直肠癌;(3)既往无放化疗治疗史;(4)无重大内科疾病史。
1.2 治疗方法
放射源为6 MV X线直线加速器,患者仰卧于腹部平架上,用热塑成型体膜固定下腹部。进行模拟定位CT扫描,将定位CT图像传输到计划系统工作站。在计划系统中设3个野交叉照射(后1野+两侧2野),两侧野加30°楔形板,上界为第5腰椎椎体下缘,下界在闭孔下缘。二侧野后界必须包括骶骨骨皮质,骶2~3以上包括骶骨一半,前界骶5距离根据CT确定,包括该层面的髂血管以及周围组织。后野两侧界在真骨盆外1~2 cm,上下界同两侧野。全盆腔三野同中心放射治疗。总剂量为:45 GY/25F。同时予希罗达口服化疗(1650 mg/m2 d1~14,22~35)。放化疗后3~4周行手术治疗,手术均遵循直肠癌全系膜切除术(TME)。术后标本送检病理。
1.3 免疫组化
XRCC-1与XRCC-4抗体购买于abcam公司。直肠癌活检组织制成石蜡包埋标本后,采用Envision 2步法染色。免疫组化结果分析:(1)按阳性细胞百分率分为四组:0%为0分;<10%为1分;10%~49%为2分;50%~79%为3分;80%~100%为4分。(2)按染色强度评分:无着色为0分,弱着色为1分;中度着色为2分;强着色为3分。将上述两种评分方法的结果相加,低表达者为0~3分;高表达者为4~7分。
1.4 疗效评价
所有患者术前查盆腔MRI,依据盆腔MRI予以T临床分期;通过术后病理予以T病理分期。将术后T病理分期较术前T临床分期降低的患者归为T分期降期,将术后T病理分期等于或者高于术前T临床分期降低的患者归为无T分期降期。
1.5 统计学方法
应用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计学处理。所有资料以计数资料方式进行统计描述。XRCC1和XRCC4表达与临床病理特征的关系采用χ2检验;XRCC1和XRCC4表达与术前放化疗疗效相关性采用Spearman相关性分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 XRCC1和XRCC4表达与临床特征关系
在55例接受术前放化疗直肠癌患者中,男46例,女9例,年龄31~88岁,平均58.3岁。分化程度:低分化21例,中分化22例,高分化12例;临床(术前)T分期:T1+T2共7例,T3+T4共48例;发生淋巴结转移27例;因术前放化疗导致术后T分期降期32例,术后T分期无降期23例。XRCC1和XRCC4在低表达组与高表达组间在性别、年龄、分化程度、临床T分期及淋巴结转移方面,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表1、2)。XRCC1和XRCC4均表达于细胞核内(封三图8、9)。
2.2 XRCC1和XRCC4表达与术前放化疗疗效关系
XRCC1高表达组6例出现T分期降期,低表达组26例出现T分期降期。XRCC4高表达组5例出现T分期降期,低表达组27例出现T分期降期。XRCC1和XRCC4表达与T分期降期,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表1、2)。Spearman相关性分析显示XRCC1表达与术前放化疗疗效呈负相关(r=-0.432,P=0.002)。Spearman相关性分析显示XRCC4表达与术前放化疗疗效呈负相关(r=-0.350,P=0.009)。
3 讨论
在放疗中射线以肿瘤细胞的DNA为关键靶,DNA关键部位的双链断裂未能修复或修复错误,会导致死亡。同时化疗也作用于肿瘤细胞DNA的复制,阻碍肿瘤细胞的DNA复制,导致其死亡[5]。所以,放化疗造成DNA的损伤能否得到及时的修复是细胞存活的关键。XRCC是X射线修复交叉互补基因,是人的DNA修复基因,从电离辐射敏感的哺乳动物细胞鉴定出来,共8个基因,命名为XRCC1-8。XRCC1这一基因编码的蛋白与DNA连接酶Ⅲ相互作用,并与参与修补缺陷区的DNA聚合酶β相结合,参与电离辐射和化学致癌物质所致的单链断裂修复有关,是非常重要的DNA损伤修复基因[6]。XRCC4参与DNA双链断裂修复,有桥接断端的重要作用[7-9]。
目前研究发现,XRCC1和XRCC4基因单核苷酸多态性与肿瘤的发生发展,肿瘤患者的筛查,对放化疗不敏感等相关,其中包括肺癌、胃癌、恶性淋巴瘤、舌癌、口腔癌、乳腺癌、泌尿道肿瘤等[10-18]。目前国内外对于XRCC基因在直肠癌方面研究较少,并且尚无文献报道XRCC基因与直肠癌术前放化疗敏感性研究。本文研究直肠癌组织XRCC1和XRCC4基因表达与术前放化疗敏感性,发现直肠癌组织中XRCC1和XRCC4基因表达低的患者对术前放化疗敏感。刘珊珊等[19]通过免疫组化检测治疗前59例食管鳞状细胞癌组织中XRCC1的表达情况,发现XRCCl蛋白表达阴性的食管癌患者放疗疗效较表达阳性更好。赵莹莹等[20]用免疫组化染色法检测放疗前非小细胞肺癌组织中XRCC1蛋白的表达情况,结果发现XRCC1蛋白表达与NSCLC三维适形放射治疗的近期疗效呈负相关。张宇弄等[21]用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测61例宫颈癌组织中XCRR4的mRNA 的表达量,发现患者宫颈癌组织中XCRR4高表达者,其对放疗抗拒,低表达则放疗高度敏感。食管癌、肺癌、宮颈癌XRCC1或XRCC4表达结果与放疗疗效的关系与本研究一致,均成负相关。机制可能在于XRCC1和XRCC4分别参与单链断裂修复和DNA双链断裂修复。放疗主要通过X射线破坏肿瘤细胞的DNA单链或双链,造成DNA单链或双链的断裂。XRCC1和XRCC4基因表达低的直肠癌组织细胞无法修复DNA单链或双链的断裂,导致DNA无法正常复制转录,细胞失去了无限增殖的能力,最终肿瘤细胞死亡。人体调控DNA损伤修复的机制很多,需要进一步了解XRCC基因在直肠癌组织的调控情况,进一步研究XRCC在不同直肠癌组织表达不一样的原因,为提高放化疗敏感性提供新的思路,为直肠癌治疗提供新的靶点。
綜上所述,治疗前直肠癌组织XRCC1和XRCC4基因表达水平与术前放化疗疗效相关,可能成为预测术前放化疗疗效的敏感性指标。
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(收稿日期:2018-05-15)