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 Contents

 3 For ewor d

  4 Executive

 summary

  6 1

 Part

 One:

 The

 inter net

 of

 bodies

 is

 her e

  7 1.1 The

 human

 body

 as

 a

 technology

 platform

  8 1.2 Data-enabled

 social

 benefits

  10

 1.3 Risks

 associated

 with

 the

 inter net

 of

 bodies

  13 2

 Part

 T wo: Gover nance

 of

 inter net

 of

 bodies

 data

  14 2.1 Data

 regulatory

 landscape

 in

 the

 US

 and

 EU

  18

 2.2 New

 governance

 challenges

 in

 the

 age

 of

 big

 data

  21

 2.3 Envisioning

 possibilities

 and

 options

  23

 Contributors

  25

 Endnotes

 ©

 2020

 W orld

 Economic

 Forum.

 All

 rights r eserved.

 No

 part

 of

 this

 publication

 may be

 r epr oduced

 or

 transmitted

 in

 any

 form or

 by

 any

 means,

 including

 photocopying and

 r ecording,

 or

 by

 any

 information storage

 and

 retrieval

 system.

 July

 2020

 The Internet

 of

 Bodies

 Is

 Here: T ackling

 new

 challenges

 of

 technology

 governance

  For ewor d

 As

 new

 technologies

 integrate

 with

 the human

 body,

 the

 opportunities

 –

 and

 risks

 –

 abound.

 Xiao Liu

 McGill

 University

 Faculty

 Fellow at

 the

 W orld

 Economic

 Forum Centr e

 for

 the

 Fourth

 Industrial Revolution;

 W ilson

 China

 Fellow

 Jef f

 Merritt

 Head

 of

 Inter net

 of

 Things, Robotics

 and

 Smart

 Cities, Member

 of

 Executive Committee,

 W orld

 Economic Forum

  In

 the

 wake

 of

 the

 COVID-19

 pandemic,

 wearable technologies

 such

 as

 health

 and

 location

 trackers have

 been

 thrust

 into

 the

 public

 spotlight

 –

 spurring not

 only

 excitement

 about

 their

 potential

 benefits but also

 debate

 over

 their

 potential

 risks.

 Could these

 devices

 help

 public

 health

 authorities

 better predict,

 manage

 and

 avert

 futur e

 outbr eaks?

 How might

 employers

 use

 data

 fr om

 wearable devices

 to

 safely

 r eopen

 businesses?

 What

 are

 the

 implications

 for

 privacy

 and

 equity?

 How might this

 data

 be

 abused

 or

 used

 for

 other

 intended purposes

 such

 as

 public

 surveillance?

  These

 questions

 are

 at

 the

 heart

 of

 new

 ef forts by

 the

 W orld

 Economic

 Forum,

 in

 collaboration with

 public

 health

 authorities,

 leading

 technology companies

 and

 other

 stakeholders,

 to

 develop

 and

 pilot

 new

 appr oaches

 for

 the

 ethical

 tr eatment and

 sharing

 of

 health

 data

 collected

 by

 consumer wearable

 devices. 1

  This

 paper

 aims

 to

 take

 these

 ef forts

 one

 step further , looking

 beyond

 the

 scope

 of

 wearable

 devices

 at

 the

 br oader

 ecosystem

 of

 connected technologies

 that

 is

 coming

 together

 to

 cr eate “the

 inter net

 of

 bodies”

 (IoB).

 As

 with

 any

 area

 of

 emerging

 technology,

 the

 IoB

 is

 evolving

 rapidly

 and its

 futur e

 is

 unknown.

 It

 is

 for

 exactly

 this

 reason

 that

 car eful

 attention

 and

 thought

 –

 not

 simply

 on the

 part

 of

 business

 but fr om

 gover nment,

 civil society

 and

 the

 public

 at

 large

 –

 is

 requir ed.

  W e

 stand

 at

 the

 beginning

 of

 an

 important

 public dialogue

 that

 will

 have

 major

 implications

 for

 public health,

 safety

 and

 the

 global

 economy

 and

 may

 also ultimately

 challenge

 how

 we

 think

 about

 our

 bodies and

 what

 it

 means

 to

 be

 human.

  This

 paper

 does

 not

 claim

 to

 pr ovide

 a compr ehensive

 view

 of

 all

 of

 the

 many

 facets

 of

 the IoB.

 However , it

 pr ovides

 a

 glimpse

 of

 the

 myriad

 of complex

 issues

 that

 can

 arise

 when

 the

 cyber

 and physical

 worlds

 come

 together . W e

 invite

 you

 to

 join us

 in

 this

 important

 work to

 shape

 the

 development, use

 and

 impact

 of

 these

 technologies

 for

 the

 benefit of

 all

 society.

 E xecutive

 summary

 T o

 r ealize

 the

 full

 potential

 of

 the

 inter net of

 bodies,

 we

 need

 r obust,

 up-to-date governance

 frameworks.

 The internet of

 things

 (IoT) is

 incr easingly entangling

 with human

 bodies.

 The

 inter net

 of

 things

 (IoT)

 is

 incr easingly

 entangling with

 human

 bodies.

 This

 emergence

 and

 fast expansion

 of

 the

 “internet

 of

 bodies”

 (IoB)

 –

 the network

 of

 human

 bodies

 and

 data

 through connected

 sensors

 –

 while

 of fering

 enormous

 social and

 health

 benefits,

 also

 raises

 new

 challenges

 of technology

 governance.

  With

 an

 unprecedented

 number

 of

 sensors attached

 to, implanted

 within

 or

 ingested

 into human

 bodies

 to

 monitor , analyse

 and

 even modify

 human

 bodies

 and

 behaviour , immediate

 actions

 are

 needed

 to

 addr ess

 the

 ethical

 and

 legal considerations

 that

 come

 with

 the

 IoB.

 The

 urgency of

 such

 actions

 is

 further

 brought

 to

 the

 for efr ont

 by

 the

 global

 COVID-19

 pandemic,

 with

 extensive IoB

 technologies

 and

 data

 being

 enlisted

 for

 the surveillance

 and

 tracking

 of

 cor onavirus.

  This

 white

 paper

 comprises

 two

 parts.

 Part

 one pr ovides

 a

 landscape

 review

 of

 IoB

 technologies, as

 well

 as

 their

 benefits

 and

 risks.

 An

 examination of

 the

 ecosystem

 shows

 that

 IoB

 technologies are

 deployed

 not

 only

 in

 medical

 scenarios

 but also

 across

 dif fer ent

 sectors,

 fr om

 fitness

 and health

 management

 to

 employment

 settings

 and entertainment.

 The

 accelerating

 convergence

 of

 consumer

 devices

 and

 health/medical

 devices

 also shows

 that

 the

 line

 between

 medical

 and

 non- medical

 IoB

 devices

 is

 blurring.

 This

 suggests

 that new

 strategies

 of

 governance

 are

 needed

 for

 IoB devices,

 which

 are

 traditionally

 subject

 to

 dif fer ent regulatory

 agencies

 and

 rules.

  It

 is

 worth

 noting

 that

 this

 white

 paper

 will

 not

 delve into

 gaming

 and

 virtual

 r eality

 (VR)

 devices

 nor

 the data

 fr om

 them.

 While

 r elated,

 these

 devices

 raise distinct

 issues

 fr om

 the

 mor e

 traditional

 health

 and fitness

 devices.

 Part

 two

 examines

 the

 governance

 of

 IoB

 data

 – focusing,

 in

 particular , on

 the

 regulatory

 landscape

 in the

 United

 States,

 with

 a

 comparative

 perspective

 of regulation

 in

 the

 Eur opean

 Union.

 This

 part

 examines current

 regulatory

 appr oaches

 to

 IoB

 data,

 as

 well

 as

 the

 challenges

 raised

 by

 the

 rapidly

 shifting ecosystem,

 especially

 the

 wide

 adoption

 of

 big

 data

 algorithms.

 Whereas

 IoB

 technologies

 also

 entail

 other issues

 such

 as

 the

 physical

 ef fects

 of

 devices

 on

 users and

 liability

 for

 physical

 harms,

 this

 paper

 focuses

 only

 on

 the

 governance

 of

 data

 generated

 fr om

 IoB, particularly

 fr om

 health

 and

 wellness

 IoB

 devices.

  T wo main

 findings

 for

 policy-makers

 and stakeholders

 are

 highlighted.

 First,

 br oad

 adoption of

 the

 IoB

 and

 fr equent

 flows

 of

 IoB

 data

 across

 scenarios

 and

 sectors

 requires

 r obust

 and

 consistent governance

 frameworks

 in

 both the

 medical

 and

 non-medical

 sectors.

 This

 is

 particularly

 the

 case for

 IoB

 data

 governance

 as,

 while

 clinically

 derived data

 is

 in

 general

 strictly

 r egulated,

 the

 regulation of

 consumer-generated

 data

 and

 other

 non-clinical

 data

 is

 often,

 given

 the

 sensitivity

 of

 the

 data,

 uneven in

 terms

 of

 coverage

 and

 strength

 across

 sectors and

 jurisdictions;

 this

 is

 the

 case

 in,

 for

 example,

 the

 United

 States.

 Second,

 IoB

 data

 governance appr oaches

 and

 data

 pr otection

 laws

 need

 urgent updates

 to

 addr ess

 the

 risk

 of

 privacy,

 unfairness and

 discrimination

 brought

 about

 by

 common practices

 of

 big

 data

 analytics.

 This

 risk

 pr esented

 by big

 data

 analytics

 exists

 with

 both medical

 data

 and non-medical

 data,

 as

 even

 deidentified

 medical

 data can

 be

 reidentified

 or

 misused

 in

 a

 way

 that

 causes harm

 and

 discrimination

 to

 individuals

 and

 gr oups.

  W e

 ther efor e

 urge

 stakeholders

 fr om

 across sectors,

 industries

 and

 geographies

 to

 work together

 to

 mitigate

 the

 risks

 in

 order

 to

 fully unleash

 the

 potential

 of

 the

 IoB.

 Part

 One: The internet of

 bodies

 is

 her e

 Recent

 advancements

 in

 the

 inter net

 of things

 are

 transforming

 the

 human

 body into

 a

 new

 technology

 platform.

 1

  1.1 The human

 body

 as

 a

 technology

 platform

 Recent

 technological

 advancements

 have

 usher ed in

 a

 new

 era

 of

 the

 “internet

 of

 bodies”

 (IoB),

 with an

 unprecedented

 number

 of

 connected

 devices and

 sensors

 being

 af fixed

 to

 or

 even

 implanted and

 ingested

 into

 the

 human

 body.

 The

 IoB generates

 tr emendous

 amounts

 of

 biometric

 and human

 behavioural

 data.

 This

 is,

 in

 turn,

 fuelling the

 transformation

 of

 health

 resear ch

 and

 industry, as

 well

 as

 other

 aspects

 of

 social

 life,

 such

 as

 the adoption

 of

 IoB

 in

 work settings,

 or

 the

 pr ovision

 of new

 options

 for

 entertainment

 –

 all

 with

 r emarkable data-driven

 innovations

 and

 social

 benefits.

 Y et

 the

 IoB

 also

 raises

 new

 challenges

 for

 data

 governance that

 concer n

 not

 only

 individual

 privacy

 and autonomy

 but also

 new

 risks

 of

 discrimination

 and bias

 in

 employment,

 education,

 finance,

 access

 to health

 insurance

 and

 other

 important

 ar eas

 for

 the distribution

 of

 social

 r esour ces.

  Generally,

 IoB

 technologies

 include

 medical devices,

 a

 variety

 of

 lifestyle

 and

 fitness

 tracking devices,

 other

 smart

 consumer

 devices

 that

 stay

 in

 pr oximity

 to

 the

 human

 body

 and

 an

 expanding range

 of

 body-attached

 or

 embedded

 devices that

 are

 deployed

 in

 enterprise,

 educational

 and r ecr eational

 scenarios.

 It

 is

 worth

 noting

 that

 the

 IoB

 technologies

 examined

 her e

 are

 mostly “personal

 devices”,

 in

 the

 sense

 that

 the

 devices always

 develop

 a

 r elatively

 stable

 relationship

 with

 the

 individual

 body

 of

 the

 user

 over

 a

 regular , extended

 period

 of

 contact. This,

 ther efore, excludes

 the

 type

 of

 biometric

 technologies

 that are

 installed

 in

 public

 and

 private

 spaces,

 such

 as

 facial

 r ecognition

 systems,

 fingerprint

 sensors

 and r etinal

 scanners,

 which

 focus

 on

 collecting

 and pr ocessing

 the

 data

 of

 a

 large

 population

 or

 gr oup rather

 than

 particular

 individuals.

  As

 r efle...

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