机构互联网这里:应对技术治理新挑战
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Contents
3 For ewor d
4 Executive
summary
6 1
Part
One:
The
inter net
of
bodies
is
her e
7 1.1 The
human
body
as
a
technology
platform
8 1.2 Data-enabled
social
benefits
10
1.3 Risks
associated
with
the
inter net
of
bodies
13 2
Part
T wo: Gover nance
of
inter net
of
bodies
data
14 2.1 Data
regulatory
landscape
in
the
US
and
EU
18
2.2 New
governance
challenges
in
the
age
of
big
data
21
2.3 Envisioning
possibilities
and
options
23
Contributors
25
Endnotes
©
2020
W orld
Economic
Forum.
All
rights r eserved.
No
part
of
this
publication
may be
r epr oduced
or
transmitted
in
any
form or
by
any
means,
including
photocopying and
r ecording,
or
by
any
information storage
and
retrieval
system.
July
2020
The Internet
of
Bodies
Is
Here: T ackling
new
challenges
of
technology
governance
For ewor d
As
new
technologies
integrate
with
the human
body,
the
opportunities
–
and
risks
–
abound.
Xiao Liu
McGill
University
Faculty
Fellow at
the
W orld
Economic
Forum Centr e
for
the
Fourth
Industrial Revolution;
W ilson
China
Fellow
Jef f
Merritt
Head
of
Inter net
of
Things, Robotics
and
Smart
Cities, Member
of
Executive Committee,
W orld
Economic Forum
In
the
wake
of
the
COVID-19
pandemic,
wearable technologies
such
as
health
and
location
trackers have
been
thrust
into
the
public
spotlight
–
spurring not
only
excitement
about
their
potential
benefits but also
debate
over
their
potential
risks.
Could these
devices
help
public
health
authorities
better predict,
manage
and
avert
futur e
outbr eaks?
How might
employers
use
data
fr om
wearable devices
to
safely
r eopen
businesses?
What
are
the
implications
for
privacy
and
equity?
How might this
data
be
abused
or
used
for
other
intended purposes
such
as
public
surveillance?
These
questions
are
at
the
heart
of
new
ef forts by
the
W orld
Economic
Forum,
in
collaboration with
public
health
authorities,
leading
technology companies
and
other
stakeholders,
to
develop
and
pilot
new
appr oaches
for
the
ethical
tr eatment and
sharing
of
health
data
collected
by
consumer wearable
devices. 1
This
paper
aims
to
take
these
ef forts
one
step further , looking
beyond
the
scope
of
wearable
devices
at
the
br oader
ecosystem
of
connected technologies
that
is
coming
together
to
cr eate “the
inter net
of
bodies”
(IoB).
As
with
any
area
of
emerging
technology,
the
IoB
is
evolving
rapidly
and its
futur e
is
unknown.
It
is
for
exactly
this
reason
that
car eful
attention
and
thought
–
not
simply
on the
part
of
business
but fr om
gover nment,
civil society
and
the
public
at
large
–
is
requir ed.
W e
stand
at
the
beginning
of
an
important
public dialogue
that
will
have
major
implications
for
public health,
safety
and
the
global
economy
and
may
also ultimately
challenge
how
we
think
about
our
bodies and
what
it
means
to
be
human.
This
paper
does
not
claim
to
pr ovide
a compr ehensive
view
of
all
of
the
many
facets
of
the IoB.
However , it
pr ovides
a
glimpse
of
the
myriad
of complex
issues
that
can
arise
when
the
cyber
and physical
worlds
come
together . W e
invite
you
to
join us
in
this
important
work to
shape
the
development, use
and
impact
of
these
technologies
for
the
benefit of
all
society.
E xecutive
summary
T o
r ealize
the
full
potential
of
the
inter net of
bodies,
we
need
r obust,
up-to-date governance
frameworks.
The internet of
things
(IoT) is
incr easingly entangling
with human
bodies.
The
inter net
of
things
(IoT)
is
incr easingly
entangling with
human
bodies.
This
emergence
and
fast expansion
of
the
“internet
of
bodies”
(IoB)
–
the network
of
human
bodies
and
data
through connected
sensors
–
while
of fering
enormous
social and
health
benefits,
also
raises
new
challenges
of technology
governance.
With
an
unprecedented
number
of
sensors attached
to, implanted
within
or
ingested
into human
bodies
to
monitor , analyse
and
even modify
human
bodies
and
behaviour , immediate
actions
are
needed
to
addr ess
the
ethical
and
legal considerations
that
come
with
the
IoB.
The
urgency of
such
actions
is
further
brought
to
the
for efr ont
by
the
global
COVID-19
pandemic,
with
extensive IoB
technologies
and
data
being
enlisted
for
the surveillance
and
tracking
of
cor onavirus.
This
white
paper
comprises
two
parts.
Part
one pr ovides
a
landscape
review
of
IoB
technologies, as
well
as
their
benefits
and
risks.
An
examination of
the
ecosystem
shows
that
IoB
technologies are
deployed
not
only
in
medical
scenarios
but also
across
dif fer ent
sectors,
fr om
fitness
and health
management
to
employment
settings
and entertainment.
The
accelerating
convergence
of
consumer
devices
and
health/medical
devices
also shows
that
the
line
between
medical
and
non- medical
IoB
devices
is
blurring.
This
suggests
that new
strategies
of
governance
are
needed
for
IoB devices,
which
are
traditionally
subject
to
dif fer ent regulatory
agencies
and
rules.
It
is
worth
noting
that
this
white
paper
will
not
delve into
gaming
and
virtual
r eality
(VR)
devices
nor
the data
fr om
them.
While
r elated,
these
devices
raise distinct
issues
fr om
the
mor e
traditional
health
and fitness
devices.
Part
two
examines
the
governance
of
IoB
data
– focusing,
in
particular , on
the
regulatory
landscape
in the
United
States,
with
a
comparative
perspective
of regulation
in
the
Eur opean
Union.
This
part
examines current
regulatory
appr oaches
to
IoB
data,
as
well
as
the
challenges
raised
by
the
rapidly
shifting ecosystem,
especially
the
wide
adoption
of
big
data
algorithms.
Whereas
IoB
technologies
also
entail
other issues
such
as
the
physical
ef fects
of
devices
on
users and
liability
for
physical
harms,
this
paper
focuses
only
on
the
governance
of
data
generated
fr om
IoB, particularly
fr om
health
and
wellness
IoB
devices.
T wo main
findings
for
policy-makers
and stakeholders
are
highlighted.
First,
br oad
adoption of
the
IoB
and
fr equent
flows
of
IoB
data
across
scenarios
and
sectors
requires
r obust
and
consistent governance
frameworks
in
both the
medical
and
non-medical
sectors.
This
is
particularly
the
case for
IoB
data
governance
as,
while
clinically
derived data
is
in
general
strictly
r egulated,
the
regulation of
consumer-generated
data
and
other
non-clinical
data
is
often,
given
the
sensitivity
of
the
data,
uneven in
terms
of
coverage
and
strength
across
sectors and
jurisdictions;
this
is
the
case
in,
for
example,
the
United
States.
Second,
IoB
data
governance appr oaches
and
data
pr otection
laws
need
urgent updates
to
addr ess
the
risk
of
privacy,
unfairness and
discrimination
brought
about
by
common practices
of
big
data
analytics.
This
risk
pr esented
by big
data
analytics
exists
with
both medical
data
and non-medical
data,
as
even
deidentified
medical
data can
be
reidentified
or
misused
in
a
way
that
causes harm
and
discrimination
to
individuals
and
gr oups.
W e
ther efor e
urge
stakeholders
fr om
across sectors,
industries
and
geographies
to
work together
to
mitigate
the
risks
in
order
to
fully unleash
the
potential
of
the
IoB.
Part
One: The internet of
bodies
is
her e
Recent
advancements
in
the
inter net
of things
are
transforming
the
human
body into
a
new
technology
platform.
1
1.1 The human
body
as
a
technology
platform
Recent
technological
advancements
have
usher ed in
a
new
era
of
the
“internet
of
bodies”
(IoB),
with an
unprecedented
number
of
connected
devices and
sensors
being
af fixed
to
or
even
implanted and
ingested
into
the
human
body.
The
IoB generates
tr emendous
amounts
of
biometric
and human
behavioural
data.
This
is,
in
turn,
fuelling the
transformation
of
health
resear ch
and
industry, as
well
as
other
aspects
of
social
life,
such
as
the adoption
of
IoB
in
work settings,
or
the
pr ovision
of new
options
for
entertainment
–
all
with
r emarkable data-driven
innovations
and
social
benefits.
Y et
the
IoB
also
raises
new
challenges
for
data
governance that
concer n
not
only
individual
privacy
and autonomy
but also
new
risks
of
discrimination
and bias
in
employment,
education,
finance,
access
to health
insurance
and
other
important
ar eas
for
the distribution
of
social
r esour ces.
Generally,
IoB
technologies
include
medical devices,
a
variety
of
lifestyle
and
fitness
tracking devices,
other
smart
consumer
devices
that
stay
in
pr oximity
to
the
human
body
and
an
expanding range
of
body-attached
or
embedded
devices that
are
deployed
in
enterprise,
educational
and r ecr eational
scenarios.
It
is
worth
noting
that
the
IoB
technologies
examined
her e
are
mostly “personal
devices”,
in
the
sense
that
the
devices always
develop
a
r elatively
stable
relationship
with
the
individual
body
of
the
user
over
a
regular , extended
period
of
contact. This,
ther efore, excludes
the
type
of
biometric
technologies
that are
installed
in
public
and
private
spaces,
such
as
facial
r ecognition
systems,
fingerprint
sensors
and r etinal
scanners,
which
focus
on
collecting
and pr ocessing
the
data
of
a
large
population
or
gr oup rather
than
particular
individuals.
As
r efle...
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